Name a non-viral biological agent that poses a threat to health.

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a bacterium that can form highly resilient spores, making it a significant non-viral biological agent. When inhaled, ingested, or contacted through broken skin, these spores can lead to severe health complications and potentially fatal outcomes. Anthrax is historically significant as a bioterrorism concern and is known for its capability to be weaponized due to the stability of its spores and the severity of the diseases it causes in humans, including cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation anthrax.

In contrast, the other options provided—HIV, influenza virus, and herpes simplex virus—are all viral agents and therefore do not fit the criteria of a non-viral biological threat. Understanding the distinct nature of these agents is crucial in recognizing the different types of biological threats and their implications for health and safety.