Which technologies are used for agent identification?

The correct selection encompasses a range of advanced analytical techniques that contribute significantly to identifying biological agents. Genetic sequencing plays a crucial role in determining the DNA or RNA sequences of pathogens, allowing for precise identification of microbial organisms and their subtypes, which is essential during outbreaks or biological attacks.

Mass spectrometry is another powerful tool utilized for agent identification. It measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions, enabling the chemical characterization of biomolecules. This method provides rapid and accurate identification of proteins, toxins, and metabolites associated with biological agents.

Western blotting is also employed in the identification process, particularly for detecting specific proteins linked to pathogens. This technique uses gel electrophoresis followed by transfer to a membrane, allowing for the detection of particular antigens through antibody binding.

In sum, all these technologies play vital roles in agent identification in the context of biological threats, and selecting the option that includes "all of the above" acknowledges the contributions of each method in various scenarios of biological casualty management.